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What describes the hydraulic needle effect?

OC loses effectiveness at long range.

Propellant pressure drives spray particles into soft tissue.

Hydraulic needle effect happens when a very high-pressure spray creates a fast liquid jet that can push droplets into soft tissue. The propellant drives the liquid with enough momentum to overcome the tissue’s surface resistance, injecting particles beneath the surface rather than leaving them only on the exterior. This is why exposure can penetrate deeper than one might expect. The correct idea is that propellant pressure moves spray particles into soft tissue. The other options describe different phenomena (range limitations, an automatic eye reflex, or foam formation) and don’t capture this injection mechanism.

It causes immediate eye closure.

Turns into foam.

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